Mixed martial arts vs Traditional Martial Arts Essay

Fighting and violence is one of the biggest problems in society today. MMA, to many people, is only promoting this as a value, instead of an issue. Another battle that this bloody sport is fighting is for its own legitimacy. There are plenty of other sports that have some fighting, but no one questions the legitimacy of sports such as ice-hockey, in which there is a fight at least once a game, or football (Frisht n. pag. ). MMA is also a relatively new and has also taken a large step from where it started, having been illegal in all 50 states shortly after its institutionalization (Ramirez n. ag. ). And even at that, UFC is the only nationally legal organization for MMA. Not only is it fighting for its authenticity as a sport, but it is fighting for recognition as a martial art and fighting style, as well. Some specialists and fighters argue that it is a martial art all its own. Others argue that it’s nothing more than a rip-off of the greatest martial arts that have come before it. Finally, other, more secular people rationally conclude that it cannot be considered a traditional martial art at all and is barely acceptable as a sport. But this also puts these people in the perfect position to be attacked by a very simply answered question: Why can’t MMA be considered a traditional martial art? To begin, one of the biggest differences between MMA and traditional martial arts is the purpose for which they were developed. MMA, for example, was developed as nothing more than a style for cage-match entertainment. Traditional martial arts, however, were developed for a variety of different reasons, mainly self-defense. For instance, Jiu-Jitsu and Ninjitsu both derive from ancient Japan as a means for the people to defend themselves against the Samurai (Browning n. pag. ). Similarly, Tang Soo Do was developed in Okinawa and Southern Korea under ancient Japanese influence (Yi n. pag. ). Not only is the purpose of MMA something that sets it apart, it is a difference that sets the stage for several other staggering differences. To continue, purpose is intertwined with origins. Many traditional martial arts come out of the ancient oriental regions as means of self-defense due to the areas unsafe and sometimes unstable societal environment. Thugs, brutal imperial fighter, and common bandits all posed a threat to civilians and those who didn’t particularly fancy their emperors, such as the Okinawan farmers under the oppression of the imperial Japanese samurai (Frisht n. pag. ). A handful of traditional martial arts even boast origins in Brazil, such as the Brazilian variants of Jiu-Jitsu. MMA, however, comes out of America and Europe as a means of entertainment (Greene n. pag. ). Next, Style is the biggest difference between traditional martial arts and MMA. Traditional martial arts are very focused on detaining or incapacitating an attacker. Many traditional martial arts accomplish this by utilizing non-lethal locks and strikes. Traditional martial arts are also guided by morality and law. When faced with non-lethal force, only non-lethal force is permitted in return. When faced with a serious, but non-life-threatening situation, only an equal amount of lethality is permitted. MMA, on the other hand, is much more brutal and borderline senseless (Greene n. pag. ). Also, where traditional Martial Arts would seek to just incapacitate using locks, MMA seeks to go above and beyond the required force, relying on strength where traditionalists would’ve chosen technique. When, relying on strength as a sole asset in combat, as described by Master Bob Cameron, a fighter’s combat variables become very dependent on their opponent. If their opponent is stronger and strength is the only strategy they hold as an asset, loss is pre-determined. Technique, however, allows one’s variables to be much more independent of their opponent’s. Using technique over strength allows a martial artist to apply their whole body to ascertain one goal; it allows a fighter to turn their opponent’s own strength against them, using it in their favor (Cameron n. pag. ). At last, the final reason MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art is its training style. MMA takes a very solo approach to training, as it is a solo sport. A lot of its training is based on punching, kicking, and striking an inanimate target. Martial arts, traditionally, however is trained in a group. This allows a martial artist to test, study, apply, and perfect a technique on another martial artist, which drastically affects and differs the applicability and effectiveness of the two styles. In a real-world scenario, MMA is not very realistic, due to its brutality and aggressiveness. Traditional martial arts, however, allow an artist to realistically and safely incapacitate an attacker (Greene n. pag. ). The realistic training styles of traditional martial arts allow it to be much more effective in combat. To conclude, MMA and traditional martial arts have more distinguishing differences than are calculable, the most distinguishing being purpose, origin, fighting and training styles, and applicability. Although, many take their side, those who argue that MMA is a traditional martial art are fighting an uphill battle in a mudslide due to their scarce and obvious lack of support. The differences between the two create a gorge miles wide with no bridge that may never have been meant to have been crossed. Furthermore, these staggering differences clearly prove that MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art.

Project Network Survey Essay

Besides the basic physical security of a site, the next most important aspect is controlling digital access into and out of the organization’s network. In most cases this means controlling the points of connectivity to the outside world, typically the Internet. Partitioning the boundary between the outside Internet and the internal intranet is a critical security piece. Any services not actually needed should be turned off so that they will not become avenues of attack for security threats. Different systems will have different services running by default. The firewall process can tightly control what is allowed to traverse from one side to the other. As with most aspects of security, deciding what type of firewall to use will depend upon factors such as traffic levels, services needing protection and the complexity of rules required. The difficulty for firewalls is distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. Firewalls, if configured correctly, can be a reasonable form of protection from external threats including some denial of service (DOS) attacks. If not configured correctly they can be major security holes in an organization. The most basic protection a firewall provides is the ability to block network traffic to certain destinations. This includes both IP addresses and particular network service ports. Many network devices and computer hosts startup network services by default, each of these services could represent an opportunity for attackers, worms and Trojans. Very often all of these default services are not needed. Doing port lockdown by turning off services reduces this exposure. Port 25: Is the virtual pathway that most e-mail traffic follows when it travels from your computer to a server. Port 25 can get clogged with spam e-mails when computers on a network become infected with a virus or other malicious software. Because of the potential threat our host computers sending spam email Port 25 will remain closed. Port 80: This is the primary port used by the World Wide Web (www) system. Web servers open this port then listen for incoming connections from web browsers. Similarly, when a web browser is given a remote address (like grc.com or amazon.com), it assumes that a remote web server will be listening for connections on port 80 at that location. This port will generally be open only when a web server of some sort is running on the machine. Due to the popularity of this port for malicious exploitation, it should never be open unless it is being actively and deliberately used to serve web pages. Port 139: Is typically used for file/printer sharing, including directory replication with Active Directory, trusts, remote access of event logs, etc. This port should be open. If you block port 139 on a Domain Controller you will kill AD replication. If you block 139 in a typical business network, you will lose the ability to do much of anything on a remote computer such as remotely manage clients/servers, install software, share printers, or files. Since the NetBIOS vulnerability is quite well-known a long time ago and heavily popularized, patches have been already released. The last remote exploits that targeted NetBIOS/139 were in the Windows NT/2000 era. Ports 1900 and Port 2869: These UDP port are opened and used by Universal Plug N’ Play (UPnP) devices to receive broadcasted messages from other UPnP devices. UPnP devices broadcast subnet-wide messages to simultaneously reach all other UPnP devices. UPnP Internet servers were found to have remotely exploitable unchecked buffers that would allow, in principle, remote malicious hackers. Microsoft Windows is vulnerable to a buffer overflow, caused by improper bounds checking by the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) service. By sending a specially-crafted HTTP request, a remote attacker could overflow a buffer and execute arbitrary code on the system with elevated privileges when combined with another exploit. Unused Internet servers and services should not be left running if they are not actively needed, for this reason this port should be closed until needed. Port 5357: This port is opened because  you have Network Discovery enabled in a Public Network profile. The port is vulnerable to info leak problems allowing it to be accessed remotely by malicious authors. This port should be closed if network discovery is not required. Port 6839: This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is assoc iated and used. Port 7435: This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Port 9100: This TCP port is used for printing. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external print servers. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Ports 9101 and 9102: Is the Bacula Director. This TCP port is used for printing. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external print servers. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Port 9110: SSMP Message protocol – This protocol is intended to be used to implement thread-to-thread messaging locally or over the Internet. Ports registered with IANA are shown as official ports. The same port number may be unofficially used by various services or applications. Unofficially or sometimes with conflict, the same port may be used by different applications. This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Port 9220: This port is for raw scanning to peripherals with IEEE 1284.4 specifications. On three port HP Jetdirects, the scan ports are 9290, 9291, and 9292. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Port 9500: TCP Port 9500 may use a defined protocol to communicate depending on the application. In our case we are using port 9500 to access the ISM Server. The ISM Server is used for exchanging backup and recovery information between storage devices. This port should remain open while services are in use. Port 62078: This port is used by iPhone while syncing. The Port used by UPnP for multimedia files sharing, also used for synchronizing iTunes files between devices. Port 62078 has a known vulnerability in that a service named lockdownd sits and listens on the iPhone on port 62078. By connecting to this port and speaking the correct protocol, it’s possible to spawn a number of different services on an iPhone or iPad. This port should be blocked or closed when service is not required  on the device. References Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 139 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_139.htm Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 2869 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_2869.html Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 80 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_80.htm Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 9101 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_9101.html HP Support document – HP Support Center. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://h20565.www2.hp.com/portal/site/hpsc/template.PAGE/public/kb/docDisplay/?sp4ts.oid=412144&spf_p.tpst=kbDocDisplay&spf_p.prp_kbDocDisplay=wsrp-navigationalState%3DdocId%253Demr_na-c02480766-2%257CdocLocale%253D%257CcalledBy%253D&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken HP Support document – HP Support Center. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://h20566.www2.hp.com/portal/site/hpsc/template.PAGE/public/kb/docDisplay?docId=bps53634&ac.admitted=1413144875821.876444892.199480143 Network Printer Ports. (2003, March 28). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc728404(v=ws.10).aspx networking – Is port 139 still vulnerable? – Server Fault. (2009, June 20). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://serverfault.com/questions/29065/is-port-139-still-vulnerable Port 5357 TCP on Windows 7 professional 64 bit? – Super User. (2009, October 18). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://superuser.com/questions/56781/port-5357-tcp-on-windows-7-professional-64-bit Port 62078 (tcp/udp) :: SpeedGuide.net. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://www.speedguide.net/port.php?port=62078 Port 6839 (tcp/udp) – Online TCP UDP port finder – adminsub.net. (2014, August 26). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://www.adminsubne t.net/tcp-udp-port-finder/6839 Port 7435 (tcp/udp) – Online TCP UDP port finder – adminsub.net. (2014, August 26).

Organization in the workplace as an lpn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization in the workplace as an lpn - Essay Example In this case, listing time management priorities and the rationale for the order given will significantly help in the organization in the workplace. The goal of time management and organization in the workplace as lpn is easy: effective use of limited time and resources. Strategies to achieve effective organization in the workplace include reflection, inventory of daily events, and avoidance of distractions. Reflecting on the actual use of time and activities that are completed and left undone will help an lpn analyze the cause of disorganization in delivering care. Likewise, inventories of daily events also trace the amount of time rendered on every lpn care as well as identify where the majority of care was rendered. Finally, the important thing to follow giving care: avoid distractions. The complexity of work does not determine the exact time to avoid distractions; therefore, it must be upheld at all times, because just like nurses, lpn are health care professionals responsible for the lives of the people they cared for. Organization in the workplace as an lpn reflects one’s personality, attitude towards work, and values for life. An lpn has to bear in mind that organization in the workplace will lead to smooth flow of care

My trip to France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My trip to France - Essay Example On the second day of the trip, I visited the Montmartre area with an aim of seeing the Basilique du Sacre-Coeur. After visiting the Montmartre area, I boarded a shuttle bus that took me to the magnificent Eiffel Tower. There were a number of tourists who were taking pictures around the tower. At night, the tower is illuminated with magnificent lighting that makes it appear beautiful. On the third day of the trip, I went to the Louvre where I was exposed to French arts, history and culture. On this day, I enjoyed my lunch at the food court located under the glass pyramid of the Carrousel du Louvre. During my third day of the trip, I arranged for a visit to the second most popular place in France, the Arc de Triomphe. This location gives tourists a panoramic view of the city. During the fourth day, I decided to stay indoors because I was tired. After I took my rest, I spent the following two days in the streets of Paris doing shopping. On the last day of my trip, I remained in the hote l as I arranged my belongings, and made preparations for my trip back to the UAE. My trip to France was unforgettable. It gave me an opportunity to meet people of different cultures. Additionally, I visited different places within the city and learnt about the history of France. This trip was an important learning experience particularly of the French people. I learnt that they are hospitable and

Visionary Leadership and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Visionary Leadership and Sustainability - Essay Example support of Sergey Brin presented a highly invented machine that organized world wide information in order to make it available and useful for the general public in the entire globe. As a result of which, the prosperity and results of business enhanced to a significant extent that amplified its profitability and brand image as compared to many others (Tehcrunch, 2013). c) According to me, Larry Page is recognized as one of the most popular leader in the entire globe as compared to others due to his ethical and honest qualities. Other than this, Larry Page is extremely crazy about innovativeness and desired to make a different perspective of internet in the entire globe. Due to which, he always desired to recruit creative and talented individual, irrespective of culture and creed so as to enhance the brand value of Google in the entire globe among others. Moreover, another remarkable aspect of Larry Page is that he always tried to communicate and coordinate among other employees of Google. Due to which, each and every person of the organization might easily communicate his requirements as well as suggestions to Larry Page that may be used for future developments. However, due to such type of democratic or participative leadership style, every individual liked and preferred him. Apart from this, I liked him also due to his supportive nature and high thinking power. He used to listen to the suggestions or ideas of the employees very vividly that enhanced his knowledge and skills. And due to his introvert nature, maximum extent of the employees, get motivated towards the assigned tasks and enhanced the brand value of Google among others (Tehcrunch, 2013). Furthermore, Larry Page is highly open-minded as well as unbiased person and offered high attention over intelligence and talent of the individual rather than caste or creed. Due to which, he became successful in enhancing the image and market share of the organization of Google that amplified its revenue and

The Financial Analysis of Dell Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Financial Analysis of Dell Inc - Essay Example Because of the aforementioned strengths, the company has made a name in the computer industry and secured a significant portion of the global market share. The company also enjoys strong brand equity. Acquisition of financing is relatively easier as the company’s stock has a higher market value. With its commitment to excellence and bright industry prospects, I believe that the company will be able to sustain these strengths in the further.One of the major weaknesses of Dell is its lack of proprietary technology in its production activities. Some experts refer to Dell as a computer maker and not a computer manufacturer. As Dell purchases, semi-assembled inputs in its production, bargaining power is tilted to suppliers. Dell’s heavy dependency on suppliers also exposes it to risk faced by them. Dell’s high utilization of long-term debt in financing its assets may make its investors reluctant in purchasing its stocks. The company can overcome these weaknesses by in vesting more in research and development. Strategic partnerships should also be strengthened and company should be able to manage its cost more efficiently. I am very much optimistic about the future of Dell, Inc. The rapid technological advancement and growing importance of computing devices assure the business organization with a sure market. It should also be noted that the online business model exclusively employed by Dell will surely be patronized as the level of internet penetration in the world increases sharply.... Strengths and Weaknesses The major strength of Dell, Inc. is its utilization of a business model which enables it to reap various benefits which are not enjoyed by its competitors. The direct business cut a significant amount of cost in the company's supply chain by eliminating the less value adding activities. Inventories were kept low and technological breakthroughs are delivered to the customer within a week opposed to industry's average of two months. The direct business model also enabled the company to market directly to the buyers, thereby offering more customized products. Another is Dell's cost leadership strategy. As the company is able to produce computers with the least possible cost, the company is also able to charge lower prices to customers relative to its competitors. Because of the aforementioned strengths, the company has made a name in the computer industry and secured a significant portion of the global market share. The company also enjoys strong brand equity. Acquisition of financing i s relatively easier as the company's stock has a higher market value. With its commitment for excellence and bright industry prospects, I believe that the company will be able to sustain these strengths in the further. One of the major weaknesses of Dell is its lack of proprietary technology in its production activities. Some experts refer to Dell as a computer maker and not a computer manufacturer. Another is Dell's high dependence on its suppliers. As Dell purchases semi-assembled inputs in its production, bargaining power is tilted to suppliers. Dell's heavy dependency on suppliers also exposes it to risk faced by them. Dell's high utilization of long term dent in financing its assets may make its investors reluctant in purchasing its stocks. The

Assessment Of Resource Capabilities Of BMW Assignment

Assessment Of Resource Capabilities Of BMW - Assignment Example In an effort to uphold quality inventory in its earlier years, BMW ensured that it had innovative technology that would also help the company reach a larger audience. The easy to navigate website captured the attention of many customers making it very simple for people to order commodities As years have gone by, the company has incorporated modern age technology in an effort to increase the market value of its products. In 2009, BMW introduced a software package that would assist in monitoring its workflow and make forecasts on the effects caused by various real estate decisions made. Moreover, it acquired a system that would help intensify its e-commerce trades by faster processing of orders.   With the advent of new technology, the company is bound to make even higher sales (Fleisher, 2008, 48).With relation to tangible resources, it is important to note that the company has made numerous strides in an effort to keep in touch with advancements in the industry. The company has had the ability to buy new machinery that has assisted in cutting down the costs per production. This is the fact that in earlier years, the company had faced numerous challenges having to outsource some of its departments facing the uneven market demographics. Human resource has also worked to ensure that the company gets back to its high market position that it enjoyed in the 1990s. This is from the increased number of retail shops around the world majoring in the sale of BMW products  

Philosophy [Close Reading] Capital Volume I, Karl Marx Essay

Philosophy [Close Reading] Capital Volume I, Karl Marx - Essay Example The longer the time spent to create a certain product, the higher the value it will command in the market. A Marxist analysis would give us a premise that labor is the source of all value since it is a â€Å"congelation† of labor. The Marxist theory is that the amount of labor embodied in the material object would determine its value. â€Å"As values, all commodities are only definite masses of congealed labor-time.† (Capital, Vol. I, p. 40.) Unfortunately, the importance of labor is muted by the fact that according to Marx, many capitalists are exploiting labor. In the Capital Volume 1 chapter 4, Marx often described the acts of the capitalists in the wage-labor exchange with the laborers as something akin to robbery, theft and embezzlement. Marx believed that the capitalists are essential robbing the laborers of the value of their labor by denying the laborers the full price of their labor. Note that in the Marxist point of view, labor has two characters, the abstract and the concrete nature. Note that under the arguments of Marx, any act of labor expended have dual impact where one is the concrete action directed towards the making of certain products and the abstract portion which is disposable for the use of society in a given place and time. In other words, where the system separates the actual act of production from the means of production; labor itself as human labor force becomes a commodity that could be traded for value. (See Capital, Vol. 1, p. 71.) The fact that the owners of the means of production such as the capitalists tries to extract more labor for less pay is seen by Marx as form of thievery that is directed on the laborers’ labor commodity. In other words, the exploitation of labor is seen by Marx as form of violation of the rights of the laborer to the fruits of their labor. How do the owners of the means of production or the capitalists steal labor? Marx

Sweetwater State Universitys Appraisal System Essay

Sweetwater State Universitys Appraisal System - Essay Example Decisively, the experts’ recommendations will have a definite impact through the proposed appraisal system because the administrators are required to pay more attention when evaluating their staff members. Moreover, through the vice president, the secretarial and clerical performance evaluation will be more productive and entail fairness to all the staff members. Â  Nonetheless, the proposed way of conducting the appraisal does not fully exploit the abilities of any appraisal; normally because the salary-increase aspect is still the core factor. Moreover, it will definitely increase a certain level of accuracy but there are limitations as the administrators will just examine a few things off the staff acting as the ‘deal breakers’. Resolutely, the feedback will not be fully valid especially because the university is using the graphics rate forms and the administrators are required to rank the staff by force. Â  The graphics rating forms are essential to the Sweetwater State University since it is easy and takes less time to develop, the administrators compare the staff quantitatively, and the forms do not give the administrators a hard time during the evaluation or when developing them. Additionally, the graphics rating forms are also a practice of fairness to the staff, simply because the evaluation follows the same criteria for all of them; moreover, most people agree that it is most valued and permissible but some question its development and validity that need clear guidelines.

Aramex Distribution Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aramex Distribution Strategy - Essay Example There are two major factors that make the degree of market exposure required by Aramex very high. The first of these has to do with the fact that the company operates in a modern globalised market where there is so much competition within the logistics and transportation sectors3. Again, there exist limited users of the services that the company offers. Consequently, the company has positioned itself in a manner that ensures that it exposes itself to as many clients as possible. The strategy behind the market exposure has been one that targets globally recognized exporters and their affiliates4. With such as selective distribution strategy, the company’s investments on marketing always get to the right target and thus bring about the needed returns. Aramex practices a comprehensive distribution channel with so much emphasis on reaching the right people. The main guiding principle to the channel is the fact that the company revolves the distribution channel on an online system whereby distributors, wholesalers, retailers and direct end-users are reached through an online mechanism. Commonly, the over 700 wholesalers of the company get their supplies by placing an electronic demand and they in turn give out their distributions to retailers via electronic commerce5. In the midst of all these, there are terrestrial transporters who operate distribution vans and work directly under the retailers. Invariably therefore, the whole channel becomes a well coordinated one that fits into an integrated marketing channel to form a common

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Global warming is a pressing problem that is faced not only by a number of communities and a few countries. It is a major problem that is faced by the whole of mankind such that its impacts and effects have tremendous implications that endanger the existence of mankind and even the primary dwelling of the living, the Earth. United States Vice President Albert Gore himself said that global warming will be the greatest environmental challenge in the 21st century. As such, this issue is one that calls for attention, concern and solution. What is Global Warming? Global warming is an increase in global average surface temperature resulting from an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide, methane, and certain other trace gases in the atmosphere (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2006). Natural occurring phenomena such as volcanic eruptions are said to contribute to the release of gases that results to global warming. However, human activities and innovations are said to have contributed greatly to the increase of the concentration of the greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide and methane in the Earths atmosphere. These activities include the operation of coal-burning power plants and use of automobiles which become sources of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone; the use of air-conditioning units and refrigerators that utilize chlorofluorocarbons; deforestation that creates more heat and increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as trees play a significant role in removing carbon dioxide from the air; increased cattle production such that methane gas is released from animal waste; and the use of fossil fuels as the burning of fossil fuels is considered the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing and contributes to global warming. Why is Global Warming a Problem? Global warming is a problem because the direct and indirect effects and consequences of the increasing heat in the earth’s atmosphere have diverse and oftentimes dangerous effects that can affect man. Global warming affects the environment, economies, health and well being of man. Its impact is also significantly destructive that it threatens the very existence of mankind and that of the unborn and coming generations.   Global warming has been linked with intensifying hurricanes. A Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) research suggests that hurricanes will only get more powerful and last longer as global warming increases ocean temperatures (Warren, 2006). The increasing global temperature also effects change in the ecosystem such that some species especially those that cannot survive on warm regions may be forced out of their habitats which may possibly lead to their extinction.   Economically, global warming also has its implications such that changes in temperature can lead to several effects on agriculture and hence, affect the livelihood of farmers. These changes include new variations in pest and disease problems; damaged crops at extreme temperatures; and an increased need for ventilation in animal accommodation. As such, more than a third (36%) of around 100 National Farmers Union members in the United Kingdom saw climate change as a threat to livelihoods (Global Warming Fears for, 2005, p. 43). Too much rise in sea level will also affect the densely populated coastal plains by making the areas uninhabitable, creating refugee problems and hampering economic activities. The occurrence of these situations among coastal cities in the world will create potential impacts on world wide trade and economy Global warming also has its health implications. Expanded tropical weather is likely to increase tropical diseases. As such, global warming will accelerate the spread of many diseases and increase instances of mosquito-borne diseases that include malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and viral encephalitis (Johansen, 2002, p. 210). The warming of air temperature also increases the concentration of ozone at ground level. In lower atmosphere, ozone is a harmful pollutant that can damage lung tissue, and can bring about serious problems for those with asthma and other lung diseases. Other effects of global warming are the melting of glaciers which can cause water shortages, loss of habitat, flooding of rivers and the rise of sea level; water scarcity as rise in sea level can contaminate groundwater affecting drinking water and agriculture in coastal zones; Drought and wildfire as warmer temperatures can increase the probability of drought. Greater evaporation, particularly during summer and fall, can worsen drought conditions and increase the risk of wildfires. Who is Responsible in Solving this Problem? It has been earlier mentioned that man’s activities and innovations have primarily increased and worsened global warming. As such, man should also be responsible in mitigating this problem. Moreover man has no option such that when he fails to do something to mitigate the situation, the effects of global warming will endanger his very existence. It is therefore best for everyone to act and cooperate in doing something for this global problem. What can be Done? Everyone has his own share that he can contribute to help alleviate the worsening situation. There are numerous ways that can be done to help mitigate global warming. World leaders should acknowledge their crucial responsibilities to the issue of global warming. This is for reason that they can effect great change in the international community. World leaders can strengthen international responses to the risks of global warming. They can cooperate and enter into international treaties and agreements that can help reduce the dangers of the substances that contribute to global warming by banning the production, trade and use of these particular substances. When trading of these substances between countries becomes illegal, their production will eventually decline, bringing to an end their production and thereby prevent further release of substances that contribute to global warming. World leaders can also sanction the countries that fail to meet clean air standards by refusing to engage in international trade with them. With countries cooperating to achieve a common goal in combating global warming, the ill effects of global warming may be alleviated. Politicians among national governments on the other hand, can implement policies that can help reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. They can also support technological alternatives to air- polluting technologies like coal power plants and impose upon power utilities policies and regulations to improve the energy efficiency of power plants and increase the use of renewable energy sources. They can also impose upon their citizens measures such as proper segregation of wastes so as to prevent the burning of materials that contribute to global warming. They can also reward citizens who are innovative enough in coming up with new ways of helping to curb global warming. Policy makers can also promote and support bills that pertain to regulating activities that contribute to global warming. These bills for example may include those that will protect rainforests and more severe punishments for illegal loggers. They can also consider passing legislations such as those that encourage the development of new and alternative technologies that will replace technologies that worsen global warming. Electricity consumers should opt to buying electricity that is generated from renewable sources. They can also help in reducing the amount of greenhouse gases that accumulate in the atmosphere by utilizing lesser energies. They can do this by investing in highly efficient, energy- saving appliances.   Educators can instill in their students the value of protecting the environment, giving their students the necessary knowledge why global warming is a problem and provide them with the necessary skills to help mitigate the situation such as giving them the basic knowledge on the proper waste segregation and waste disposal. Even ordinary citizens can help by engaging in activities that help curb the situation. These activities may include proper disposal of wastes. Planting trees in the backyard can help such that trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas from the air. People can reduce energy utilization by using public transport and car pooling; switching off appliances instead of leaving them on stand by; and patronizing recycled products or doing the practice of reducing, reusing and recycling of waste and other unnecessary materials. More importantly, they can encourage others to have the same conviction in helping to mitigate global warming. Conclusion Global warming is a pressing problem faced not only by a number of communities and a few countries but faced by the whole of mankind. It is a global problem such that its impacts can negatively affect the environment, economy and even the wellbeing and safety of mankind. As such, it is best that man himself should do something to help mitigate the situation. References Global warming. (2006). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9037044 Global Warming Fears for Crops. (2005, November 30). The Journal (Newcastle, England), p. 43. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5011583331 Johansen, B. E. (2002). The Global Warming Desk Reference. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=101544284 Warren, Luke. (2005, December/2006, January). Global Warming and Hurricanes. Mother Earth News. Retrieved August 12, 2006, from http://www.search.eb.com/magazine/article?query=global%20warmingid=3minGrade=maxGrade=

Journal Entry for Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War Essay Example for Free

Journal Entry for Stephen Crane’s, An Episode of War Essay This short piece of American literature is a descriptive prose depicting a scene in the American Civil War. An unnamed lieutenant is wounded at his right arm while resting with the rest of his troops during an active battle. The story enables the readers to take part on the lieutenant’s perceptions on what is happening and how the battle was shaped and he is a participant or a victim of a battle unknown to him. The battle is fierce and tumultuous; it was able to take the innocent lives and anything on its way. All of this thinking happened while the lieutenant passed the line of the battle, while he was in search of the field hospital.  At the hospital, the wounded officer had a brief and unpleasant encounter with a surgeon who is rude and lied to him, saying that his arm will not be amputated. The story was able to envelop the soft and meek side of an army officer in a few lines of dialogue of having his right arm amputated. In the end, the lieutenant went along with the surgeon for a medical procedure but end up losing his arm. The army officer felt ashamed when he got home to his family and showing an empty sleeve. He was a victim of a war that could have been avoided and he will not have to lose his arm.

Aggregate Demand And The Level Of Economic Activity Economics Essay

Aggregate Demand And The Level Of Economic Activity Economics Essay Introduction Collection of revenue and the use of government expenditure which affect the economy is termed as fiscal policy. Fiscal policy can be distinguished with the major sort of macroeconomic policy, monetary policy, which stabilizes the economy by controlling rate of interest and supply of money. Two major objectives of fiscal policy are taxation and expenditure of government Transforming in the level , composition of taxation and government expenditure can force on the following variables in an economy : Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; The pattern of resource allocation; The distribution of income. Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity: At a given time the price level and the total demand for goods and services in an economy(Y) is called aggregate demand (AD) . [1]. It is the quantity of goods and services in an economy that will be obtained at all probable price levels.[2] When inventory levels are static the demand for the gross domestic product of an economy is termed as aggregate demand. It is also called effective demand although at other times this term is differentiated. It is often quoted that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping as at lower price levels a larger amount is demanded. Components of Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity: An aggregate demand curve is the summation of individual demand curves for different sectors of the economy. The aggregate demand is generally expressed as a linear sum of four divisible demand sources.[3] where is consumption (may also be known as consumer spending) = ac + bc(Y à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ T), is Investment, is Government spending, is Net export, is total exports, and is total imports = am + bm(Y à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ T). The pattern of resource allocation: Resource allocation is generally used to allot the resource available in an economy in an economic way. How limited resources are allocated among producers, and how limited goods and services are distributed among consumers , this study takes into observation the accounting cost, economic cost, opportunity cost, and other costs of resources and goods and services. Allotment of resources is a vital idea in economics and is related with economic effectiveness and maximization of utility. The distribution of income: Amongst the population of a nation how the nations total economy is allocated is termed as income distribution. It has always been a major concern of economic policy and economic theory. The allocation of income between the vital factors of production, land, labor and capital are considered to express income distribution. Fiscal policy is a vital factor for the economic development of a country. In Bangladesh fiscal policy consists of activities, which the country carries out to attain and utilize resources to afford services while ensuring optimal efficiency of the economic units. This policy controls the behavior of economic forces throughout the public finance. The main factors to attain these goals are variation in public expenditure, variation in public revenue, and management of public debt. These are revealed in the financial planning operations of the government, set up and executed on year-on-year basis. Literature Review For the overall economic development of a country fiscal policy and its management exert greater influence on economic activity. To boost up an economic infrastructure many research and study have been done by economists and policymakers. In this section literature abounds on the effectiveness and importance of fiscal policy in developed and developing countries of the world. Developing countries are facing dual challenges while undertaking fiscal adjustment policies. One arises from the increasing demand for public expenditures for Infrastructure and social sector investment, and the other arises from the lack of capacity to raise revenue from domestic sources to finance the increased expenditure, primarily due to narrow tax base. To boost competitive capacity of the country in a rapidly globalizing world, the governments of developing countries have to invest a large portion of their revenue in building physical infrastructures. In addition, the low income developing countries also need to spend a major portion of their development expenditures in providing social services to the poor such as health, education etc. On the other hand, as Khattry (2003: 402) pointed out, the structural characteristics of low income countries, combined with prevalence of unsophisticated tax administration limit their ability to raise taxes from domestic sources, namely income and domestic indirect taxes. Also, the existence of a large informal sector and the underground economy constrains the governments capacity for revenue growth. Another source of fiscal problem arises with the process of trade liberalization that requires reduction of taxes on international trade together with the elimination of quantitative restrictions and other forms of trade barriers. Therefore countries have to resort to domestic sources to compensate the revenue loss emanating from trade liberalization. As the scope of domestic sources of revenue is limited due to the narrow tax base and structural constraints in the low income countries, this may lead to a vulnerable fiscal position. In principle, a well functioning VAT system on import combined with broad based low tariffs) can recoup some of the revenue loss due to the greater inflow of imports that eventually follows trade liberalization. National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (NSAPR) of Bangladesh (2005) recognizes that, as government revenue is heavily dependent on trade taxes, and tariff liberalization typically results in tariff revenue loss, alternative sources of revenue must be ensured in order to prevent a sudden rise in budget deficit (which is already high). In order to recoup revenue losses due to tariff liberalization government is trying to increase revenue from direct taxes. It is also envisaged that indirect taxes such as VAT and supplementary duty are applied uniformly on both domestic production and imports, it would both reduce anti-export bias and increase government revenue by widening the tax-net (NSAPR, 2005, p.86). Trade liberalization may thus lead to a fiscal squeeze as a result of re duced revenue and simultaneous increase in expenditure. According to Khattry (2003) fiscal squeeze led some countries to reduce expenditure on physical capital, while that on social services (e.g. health and education) has been financed by acquiring additional debt. However, it has been empirically substantiated that government capital expenditure plays an important role in enhancing economic growth. Bose et al (2003) investigated a panel of thirty developing countries over the decades of 1970s and 1980s, and found that, the share of government capital expenditure in GDP is positively and significantly correlated with economic growth though current expenditure is insignificant. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between revenue and expenditure and its implication for managing the budget deficit. In order to do this a three variable model is formulated comprising government expenditure, revenue and GDP. Firstly, existence of a long-run relationship among these three variables is tested by using Johansen (1991, 1995) co integration approach. Granger causality test is applied on the corresponding vector error correction model to examine short-run causal relationship between the variables The goal of fiscal policy is to enhance economic growth and employment and to bring stability in economic outcome variables such as the real GDP growth rate. Under the above circumstances, the nature and objectives of fiscal policy may differ with the level of development of the countries. Long run outcome of expansionary fiscal policy depends on the nature of distribution of public resources as the same amount of public money can generate different growth pay-offs in different sectors, and the overall growth of the economy depends on the combined growth of these sectors When the government takes expansionary fiscal policy (expenditure surpassing revenue) either through increasing expenditure or reducing taxes or both, it has to borrow from internal and external sources to finance the deficit. The concept of deficit budget was popularized by Keynes and his followers -the principal argument is that government can boost up economic growth by increasing government expenditures in the short run. Again the government has to shrink its expenditures during the time of growth as excessive aggregate demand can generate inflation. In contrary to the above theory some economists argue that budget deficit negatively affects economic growth According to the advocates of the latter view, lowering budget deficit reduces interest rate thereby increasing investment, which in turn enhances economic growth The risk of expansionary fiscal policy is that, it leads to public debt growth, where it is envisaged that the growth of the economy will be significant enough in the subsequent periods so that the government will have a larger revenue base to finance its enhanced debt obligations. However, failure to generate enough economic growth may force the government into a deficit trap. Therefore the government has to borrow again to finance its deficit -this time may be in greater volume due to increase in the expenditure for repaying principal and interest of previous periods deb t even if the magnitude of public sector activities remains unaltered. There is also a risk that, government borrowing from domestic sources may crowd out private investment by raising the rate of interest. Constraining private investment in this fashion and expending the same amount of money in less productive sectors of the economy can negatively affect overall growth of the economy. As mentioned by Carneiro et al (2004, p.9), if economic agents are non Recording due to credit constraints and overlapping generation, public deficit can have a negative impact on growth as public deficits can hamper growth by competing with private physical capital for individual savings. Conversely, in developing countries public investment can be influential to crowd in private investment as shown by Binswanger et al (1993); infrastructure accessibility and the rural banks are crucial factors for increasing private investment in agriculture, which requires substantial government intervention in fac ilitating private investment. Given excess liquidity in the system (as it is the case in Bangladesh), in spite of significant public borrowing from the banking system over the last 4-6 months, private credit actually proceeded at its usual pace. This however need not be true all the time. Bangladeshs fiscal policy is closely linked to its monetary policy because public budget deficits are mainly financed by increases in money supply. Theoretically, expansionary fiscal policy would generate an increased supply of high-powered money in the face of frequent adjustment in the budget deficit and can provoke price spiral if there is no excess capacity in the economy (Friedman 1956; Friedman and Kuttner 1992). However, increasing government borrowing from central bank is seen as highly inflationary in the case of Bangladesh. But it should be noted that under the situation of chronic slow down of general demand (i.e. a general glut in the economy) higher public expenditure can create higher economic activity by protecting the falling trend in demand which is financed by increased public borrowing (Kiguel 1989). However, there is a general consensus among economists and policy-makers that regulating the growth of money stock is necessary to achieve a fairy stable price level a nd full employment of an economy (Sims 1972) Blanchard and Perotti (2002) use information about the elasticity of fiscal variables to identify the automatic response of fiscal policy, and find that expansionary fiscal shocks increase output, have a positive effect on private consumption, and a negative impact on private investment. More recently, using sign restrictions on the impulse-response functions and identifying the unexpected variation in government spending by a positive response of expenditure for up to four quarters after the shock, Mountford and Uhlig(2005) find a negative effect in residential and non-residential investment Similar studies applied to other countries are relatively scarce, largely due to the limited availability of quarterly public finance data, and, in addition, do not provide a consensual view. Perotti (2004) investigates the effects of fiscal policy in Australia Canada, Germany and the U.K., and finds a relatively large positive effect on private consumption and no response of private investment. Biau and Girard (2005) find a cumulative multiplier of government spending larger than one, and positive reactions of private consumption and private investment in France. De Castro and Hernà ¡ndez de Cos2006) use data for Spain and show that, while there is a positive relationship between government expenditure and output in the short-term, in the medium and long-term expansionary spending shocks only lead to higher inflation and lower output. Heppke- Falk et al. (2006) use cash data for Germany, and find that a positive shock in government spending increases output and private consumption, although the effect is relatively small. Giordano et al. (2007) show that, in Italy, government expenditure has positive and persistent effects on output and on private consumption. Analysis The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, state of southern Asia, in the northeastern portion of the Indian subcontinent, edged on the north, east and west by India, on the southeast by Burma (Myanmar), and on the south by the Bay of Bengal. The total area of the country is 147,570 sq km with a population of 126 million. It lies roughly between 20 °34 and 26 °36 North latitude and between 88 °01 and 92 °41 east longitude. The capital and leading city of Bangladesh is Dhaka. The economy of Bangladesh is comprised by that of a developing country. Its per capita income in 2008 was est. US$1,500 (adjusted by purchasing power parity) significantly lower than India, Pakistan, both which are also lesser than the world average of $10,497. According to the gradation by the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh ranked as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2008, with a gross domestic product of US$224.889 billion. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. over the past few years. More than half of the GDP belongs to the service sector; nearly half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with RMG, fish, vegetables, leather and leather goods, ceramics, rice as other essential produce. The aim of the governments fiscal management is striking a weighing balance between government revenue and expenditure. One more foremost goal is to uphold shortage in the existing budget as much as reasonable for advanced investment in the public division. As a result of cautious fiscal policy and strengthening of fiscal management, overall fiscal deficiency through the current decade remained unchanged. To formulate and execute sound fiscal policy is one of the most significant functions of the government. It puts importance on sustaining macroeconomic constancy through balancing public expenditure management. There is no substitute to sound fiscal management in overall economic governance as a fair public income and expenditure management that assures private sector institutions and individuals a steady macroeconomic background. The vital source of government revenue is tax. Public revenue mainly consists of direct and indirect taxes which accounted for more than 80 percent of total government revenue. The government collects the rest of the public revenue from different non-tax collection such as fee, charge, toll etc. The level of revenue assortment is a vital indicator to establish the step of economic development of a country. The economy of a country becomes more stable if it collects large amount of revenue. In this section we are going to analyze the fiscal condition of Bangladesh during the time period from FY-1991 to FY-2008.During these years Prudent fiscal management emerged as a most important challenge facing the country. The Governments revenue mobilization efforts developed remarkably in the early 1990s following the launch of some major fiscal reforms, mainly introduction of the value-added tax (VAT) in 1991.The VAT provided greater coverage and raised rates than the taxes that it restored (mostly excise duty). The revenue tax to GDP ratio rose from 5.9 percent in FY1991 to 7.3 percent in FY1993, but since then, the proportion has remained steady at about 7 percent. A stagnant tax to GDP ratio reveals lack of improvement in broadening the tax net and in improving the tax management system; in brief, the effectiveness of tax assortment remains fragile and futile. Specifically, the Government has failed to widen the coverage of direct taxes, broaden VAT coverage to high-revenue-y ielding trades and services, develop the implementation of import taxes, and bolster tax government. Conversely, nontax revenues are relatively small (a bit less than 2 percent of GDP), and they also festered over much of the 1990s. As consequence, since FY1993, the entire revenue to GDP ratio has altered around 9 percent, making revenue collection of Bangladesh effort one of the weakest in the global economy. In spite of unsatisfactory revenue collection efforts for much of the 1990s, the Government was capable to uphold the fiscal shortage within 4-5 percent of GDP by keeping spending under control. Government expenditure, both current and capital increased rapidly. Therefore, the fiscal scarcity went up to indefensible levels. With declining alternatives to foreign funding of the deficit, the Government had been compelled to finance the shortfall from domestic sources -from banking sector and domestic borrowing. The ensuing monetary adjustment seriously damaged macroeconomic stability. Table 4 : Selected Fiscal Indicators (Percent of Gross Domestic Product) Because of drop of the revenue to GDP ratio to 9 percent in FY1998-99 from 9.3 percent in FY1997-98, caused by flood-induced disruptions, the Government attempted to reverse the declining trend and projected revenue to GDP ratio of 10 percent in the FY1999-00 budget. In spite of establishing a verified revenue mobilization object, no major efforts were made to apply vital fiscal reforms, reduce the tax structure, strengthen tax management, and extend the tax foundation. Moreover, the hindrance in introducing the reshipment assessment scheme, and slothful growth in imports also added to revenue shortfall. Customs duties collection declined by 10 percent in FY1999-00 compared with FY1998-99, and the share of customs duties in National Board of Revenue portion of taxes declined to 28 percent from 32 percent. Nontax revenue collection was also less than projected due mainly to reduced profit and dividend earnings of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In FY1999-00, losses of nonfinancial SOE s were estimated at Tk31 billion, or 1.3 percent of GDP. Therefore, actual revenue mobilization in FY1999-00 rotated to be considerably below budget projections, at 8.9 percent of GDP. Government expenditure increased to 13.8 percent of GDP in FY1999-00 from 13.3 percent in FY1998-99, because of a rush in the outlay resulting from flood-induced expenditure, particularly the requirement for extra imports of food grains and post flood rehabilitation outlays. The tendency prolonged in FY1999-00 with overall expenses rising to 15 percent of GDP. Though the Government was capable to Keep up current spending at 7.6 percent of GDP (the same percentage as in the previous year), spending under the annual development program (ADP) went up to 6.7 percent of GDP from5.6 percent in FY1998-99. In the FY1999-00 budget, the Governments aim was to reduce expenses to 7.4 percent of GDP. It was a determined aim in view of the coming general election (scheduled for October 2001) when the pressures on t he Government to accommodate increased expenditure is bound to be considerable. Allocation for the ADP in the FY2000-01 budget was 6.5 percent of GDP, 50 percent of which was expected to be financed from domestic resources, and 40 percent of the domestic funding of the ADP would be from bank borrowing. The choice to fund a superior development budget with substantial borrowing from banks had risks to sustain macroeconomic constancy. While 34 percent of the ADP funds have been allocated to sectors that address poverty directly, about 33 percent had been assigned to infrastructure development comprising energy, transport, and communication. Not all ADP projects could be justified on grounds of accelerating the pace of development; several projects had questionable merit. What was more worrying was that some low -priority projects were being financed by high-cost foreign suppliers credits. In FY 1999-00, revenue/GDP ratio was 8.47 percent, which step by step went up to 10.79 percent in FY2005-06. In FY 2007-08 the revenue/GDP more went up to 11.17 percent and the g rowing trend of revenue-GDP ratio further increased to 11.24 percent in FY2008-09. Table 4.1 illustrates tax and non-tax revenue receipts and tax-GDP ratio within the period from FY1999-00 to FY2008-09. From the beginning of the FY2008-09 the revenue objectives of fiscal year came under challenge because of the impact of worldwide financial crisis. The international economy plunged into collapse mainly for noxious credit crisis in the US financial organizations and gigantic falls in prices of commodities like fuel, fertilizer etc. This price drop caused poorer collection of import duties which is the largest source of revenue although the price of commodities favored reduction of high inflation condition. The assortment of import duty in FY 2008-09 fell diminutive of the goals as the import duty is established on the basis of prices of the imported commodities. Study of revenue collection activities for FY2008-09 by categories illustrates that the volume of revenue collection attains from value added tax (VAT).Income tax takes up the second position in the row. Next places are held by import duties, complementary duty, additional taxes and excise duty. On the whole, the part of VAT in the entire revenue collection is progressively increasing. It can be states that, income tax occupies second place above import duties for the second consecutive time. In FY 2008-09, though the entire revenue collection by NBR source fell diminutive of the goals but overall revenue collection stood at TK. 52525.61 crore, which is TK. 5236.49 crore higher than the assortment of the previous fiscal year showing an 11.07 percent increase. In FY 2007-08, total revenue collection placed at TK. 47289.12 crore, which was Tk. 10,069.8 crore or27.06 percent higher than the assortment of the previous year. In FY 2006-07, the total revenue collection under NBR amounted to Tk. 37219.32 crore which was Tk. 3,216.89 crore or 9.46 percent higher than that of the previous year. Item-wise tax collection from FY2006-07 to FY2008-09 is shown in Table 4.2. Management of public expenditure is the most vital part for the fiscal management of the government. The major aims of fiscal management are to uphold social safety net activities, inspire expenditure in productive level, practice austerity in public expenditure and controls over unproductive expenses. Reducing poverty through improving the standards of living of the generals, building physical infrastructure and developing human resources are the key features of large public outlays in every year. Total public expenditure, development expenditure and expenditure/GDP ratio for FY 2008-09 and during the last decade are shown in Table 4.3. Investigation of entire non-development expenditure illustrates that in FY 2003-04, expenditure on pay and allowances was 27.4 percent of total non-development expenses. In FY 2004-05 and FY 2005-06 these percentage decreased to 25.3 and 27.6 respectively, but went up to 28.5 percent in FY 2006-07 and again decreased to 23.6 percent in FY 2008-09. In FY 2003-04, the spending on subsidy and current transfer accounted for 28.4 percent of entire non-development expenses. In FY 2004-05, FY 2005-06, FY 2006-07 and FY 2008-09 the spending on subsidy and current transfer accounted for 30.1, 29.1, 31.4 and 40.5 percent of entire non-development expenses correspondingly. In FY 2004-05, FY 2005-06, FY2006-07 and FY 2008-09 the shares of interest payments on foreign and domestic credits in total non-development cost were 18.8, 19.8, 20.2 and 20.8 percent respectively. The average genuine cost against the adjusted allotment of ADP was around 90 percent during the time from 1999-00 to 2005-06 (Table 4.4). In FY2006-07 and FY 2007-08, the utilization of ADP is about 83 and 82 percent correspondingly. In FY 2008-09 the short-term expenditure records 85.7 percent utilization of revised allotment. The growing tendency of distribution and expenditure in socio-economic and physical infrastructure segments all the way through ADP is constant with the twin objectives of the government- attaining higher growth and diminishing poverty. ADP expenditure and its composition by key sectors are shown in Table 4.5. Budget is organized in line with the national plans and policies taken up for economic development, poverty diminution and social growth. There arises a budget shortage occurring from a space between the government revenue and expenditure, where expenditure becomes more important than the revenue income. The succeeding governments are taking policies to control resources and shifts earnings at an increased rate to the poor people of the country since over 40 percent of population live beneath poverty line. Though, this enhances budget shortage little further, but it generates purchasing power of a vast population that finally propel growth by escalating aggregate demand. It also facilitates a huge portion of the population to keep minimum livelihood. The tendency of budget shortage in Bangladesh obviously shows that shortage remains under 5 percent of GDP except for those years when there were natural catastrophies. Table 4.6 below represents data on budget shortage and the form of i ts financing throughout the time period from FY1999-00 to FY2008-09. At present the debit obligation of the government is at a reasonable stage. Financing throughout grant and credit from outer sources is progressively tightening because of shifting in the policies of contributors. This, prompted the government to take a variety of restructuring initiatives and to adopt inspirational measures to mobilize resources from domestic sources together with from external sources. In principle, the government has a preferences on concessional foreign borrowing to domestic borrowing due to the poorer outlays of foreign borrowing and longer reimbursement time period. Findings Bangladesh is a third worlds developing country. At present it is going through a financial crisis. To analyze any countrys financial condition the key factor is to investigate its fiscal policy and management as fiscal policy has a great impact on the countrys development procedure. In our term paper we have discussed the fiscal condition of Bangladesh in brief. Financing of regular insufficiency, generally undertaken through borrowings from abroad, from Bangladesh Bank, and from scheduled banks, has become a central characteristic of the fiscal policy of the country. Opportunity of borrowing from the public by the government for financing budget deficiency is very limited in the country as investments capability of the people is very low. Therefore, the opportunity of non-inflationary financing of budget shortfall does not exist here. Availability of foreign borrowing depends on the international liquidity situation and the prevailing circumstances in the international capital market, which is always uncertain and unpredictable for a country like Bangladesh. Here, some major key findings which has a great influence on Bangladeshi economy that we noted out from the analysis section are added : # Introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in early 1990s is one of the key fiscal reforms to develop a effective fiscal administration. # The revenue tax to GDP ratio rose from 5.9 percent in FY1991 to 7.3 percent in FY1993 # Because of drop of the revenue to GDP ratio to 9 percent in FY1998-99 from 9.3 percent in FY1997-98, caused by flood-induced disruptions, the Government attempted to reverse the declining trend and projected revenue to GDP ratio of 10 percent in the FY1999-00 budget # Customs duties collection declined by 10 percent in FY1999-00 compared with FY1998-99, and the share of customs duties in National Board of Revenue portion of taxes declined to 28 percent from 32 percent # In FY1999-00, losses of nonfinancial SOEs were estimated at Tk31 billion, or 1.3 percent of GDP. Therefore, actual revenue mobilization in FY1999-00 rotated to be considerably below budget projections, at 8.9 percent of GDP # In FY1998-99 there had a rush in the outlay resulting from flood-induced expenditure, particularly the requirement for extra imports of food grains and post flood rehabilitation expenses # In the FY1999-00 budget, the Governments aim was to reduce expenses to 7.4 percent of GDP. It was a determined aim in view of the coming general election (scheduled for October 2001) when the pressures on the Government to accommodate increased expenditure is bound to be considerable. # In FY 1999-00revenue/GDP ratio was 8.47 percent, which step by step went up to 10.79 percent in FY2005-06. In FY 2007-08 the revenue/GDP more went up to 11.17 percent and the growing trend of revenue-GDP ratio further increased to 11.24 percent in FY2008-09. # From the beginning of the FY2008-09 the revenue objectives of fiscal year came under challenge because of the impact of worldwide financial crisis. # In FY 2008-09, though the entire revenue collection by NBR source fell diminutive of the goals but overall revenue collection stood at TK. 52525.61 crore, which is TK. 5236.49 crore higher than the assortment of the previous fiscal year showing an 11.07 percent increase. In FY 2007-08, total revenue collection placed at TK. 47289.12 crore, which was Tk. 10,069.8 crore or27.06 percent higher than the assortment of the previous year. In FY 2006-07, the total revenue collection under NBR amounted to Tk. 37219.32 crore which was Tk. 3,216.89 crore or 9.46 percent higher than that of the previous year. Item-wise tax collection from FY2006-07 to FY2008-09 # The average genuine cost against the adjusted allotment of ADP was around 90 percent during the time from 1999-00 to 2005-06. In FY2006-07 and FY 2007-08, the utilization of ADP is about 83 and 82 percent correspondingly. In FY 2008-09 the short-term expenditure records 85.7 percent utilization of revised allotment. # The tendency of budget shortage in Bangladesh obviously shows that shortage remains under 5 percent of GDP except for those years when there were natural catastrophes. The findings

Pythia Peays Soul Searching Essay -- Pythia Peay Soul Searching

Pythia Peay's Soul Searching Most people are identified by where they are from and what type of background they are accustomed to. In the short story, â€Å"Soul Searching,† by Pythia Peay, the topic discussed relates to the city a person lives in and how it eventually becomes a part of their soul. Many rhetorical appeals are displayed throughout the article, and these methods are successful in expressing to the reader how much a city can become a part of an individual. Peay decides to use her home town of Washington, D.C. to demonstrate her argument of identifying with one’s home. For any article it is important to identify the rhetorical triangle, and get the background information to further the understanding of a subject. The first piece of the rhetorical triangle is the author. Pythia Peay is a writer mostly known for her works in the fields of spirituality and psychology. Her writings tend to focus on specific areas such as â€Å"the soul of the city, the messages in our nightly dreams, the spiritual passage of death, the sacred bonds of friendship, and the wisdom of ancient myths† (duplain.com). She has been a columnist for over twenty years and has numerous articles published in â€Å"Utne Reader, George, New Age Journal, New Woman, Publisher's Weekly, and Beliefnet.com† (www.duplain.com). Some of her well-known newspaper pieces include her comments on â€Å"reincarnation, dreams, healing, and other spiritual topics† (duplain.com). Peay’s credibility in this subject is valid by observing her previous record. Along wit h checking the credibility of an author, a certain audience is always trying to be reached in any piece of writing. â€Å"Soul Searching,† is geared towards any U.S. citizen that lives in a metropolis. Although th... ...icle states â€Å"†¦she receives regular doses of inspiration from the Georgetown Flea Market and the Potomac River† (Peay 3). Because she observes these specific areas, she knows Washington, D.C. and is valid in describing her home town. Each rhetorical appeal enhances the Pythia Peay’s point of view and enhances the information trying to get across. Lastly, Pythia Peay establishes her opinion of home is where the heart is by the format used. Deciding to break up the essay into six sections is effective in making it easier to read. The landscape, history, influential people, heart of a town, wounds of a city, and where individuals come together are all detailed descriptions of a city, and describes the topic of her writing. Peay’s method of writing is easy to follow and conveys her points very well inviting the reader to think the same way about their hometown.

Romeo And Juliet: Overview :: essays research papers

Romeo and Juliet: Overview "From forth the fatal loins of these two foes, a pair of star crossed lovers take their life." Romeo and Juliet's death was a result of many misfortunes, but they were mostly victims of the society in which they live, malignant fate, and there own passions. Romeo and Juliet are members of two families that are each others two biggest enemies, there both rich families and with that comes expectations that you are expected to live up to. If something was done incorrectly or a wrongful action was taken, the consequences for that action might be different from a person who was not as rich, because people look up to the Capulet's and the Montague's and will more likely follow them, and want to be like them more then a poorer person. Therefore Romeo and Juliet are influenced by this and marriage with a member of the enemy could result in being looked down upon in your family, cause even more anarchy between the two families or possibly banishment from your house. They are victims of this because if their families did know of this marriage, they would have had no reason to cover up or hide anything, and there would have possibly been peace between the two families. Evil fate played a major role in the lives of Romeo and Juliet because of all the things that could have happened differently, the events that transpired just didn't flow in their direction. A few of the malignant fate situations were the servant asking Romeo to read the invitation list and inviting them to the party where the star-crossed lovers meet and fall in love, they are discovered by Tybalt and he is furious, he consults Lord Capulet, but he says let them stay. Later, Tybalt decides to take matters into his own hands and picks a fight with Romeo, but Romeo backs down and Mercutio steps up to fight Tybalt. They fight and Tybalt kills Mercutio, this results in Romeo losing his temper. Avenging Mercutio, Romeo slays Tybalt and is banished from Verona, he hides in Mantua and receives word that Juliet is dead. In turn another act of fate transpires, where Friar John cannot deliver the letter from Friar Lawrence to Romeo which says that Juliet is not really dead. So Romeo thinks Juliet is really dead and returns to Verona to kill himself. He succeeds and Juliet wakes up and finds her lover dead beside her and she kills herself as well. So fate plays a major role in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.

Americas Ignorance :: Americas Ignorance

Americas Ignorance America’s Ignorance For centuries now, men and women have struggled over their sexuality. It has been noted throughout time that several well known and highly regarded historical figures have been free with their sexuality on both sides of the spectrum. Basically, homosexual tendencies have been accepted as a normal part of life in that it has never been regarded as wrong. Only now in our new environment as Americans does the idea of homosexuality bring uncomfort and distaste to people. In fact, American has almost pushed the homosexual populous underground where they now reside as somewhat of a subculture. Americans have put a huge strain on the gay community by persecuting them and demanding that their way of life is wrong. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in the middle class American society; at least it was a lot more in the past. The novel Giovanni’s Room, written by James Baldwin, depicts a young man caught in the troublesome situation of being a gay American in the middle twentieth century. The character, David, accepts his homosexuality as a boy, but soon learns that his sexual behavior is highly frowned upon by most Americans. With this understanding of homosexual resentment in America, David sets off for Paris in search of an escape from the turmoil’s that lay at home. David cannot and does not accept his homosexuality because of the ingrained middle class American attitude towards homosexuals. David’s father, although not resentful of gay people, wants David to become a man. A man in the classic sense of a man, and certainly not a homosexual man: ‘And listen,’ said my father suddenly, from the middle of the staircase, in a voice which frightened me, ‘all I want for David is that he grows up to be a man. And when I say man, Ellen, I don’t mean a Sunday school teacher.’ David’s father was not suggesting that David was not a man, but our society has set forth preconceived notions about what it means to be a man. When David heard this from his father, he felt as though by being gay, he was somehow disappointing his father. This idea certainly scared David into thinking that his homosexual feelings were bad. Later in Paris, David was able to escape the direct tension that he felt, but his worries still lingered and he fought to become the person that he thought he should be:

History: american civilization essay

William McKinley was proposed as the presidential Republican with the support of Mark Hanna, who was very wealthy industrialist he favored tariffs so as to protect the nation’s prosperity and a limitation on silver and ended up defeating William Jennings Bryan, who was feared as a menace to the administration during 1892 election.  McKinley was adapted to the international bimetallism idea which was a contract of a number of countries in the usage of both silver and gold as the currency base.   He later opened the way to acceptance of the1900 Gold Standard Act.William McKinley was the president of diverse historical period. William McKinley lived during the Populist period and was the US president during the Progressive era.   In that period, as the president of the United States, traditional values such as the gambling and brothels were being eroded.   The ideology was changing of all the political parties.   Factionalism rose as a consequence.   The United States Peoples ways of life was shifting rapidly.   America moved to industrial economy from the agricultural economy and to urban environment from the rural environment and from the producer’s culture to the consumer’s culture.Small businesses and factories and increased in number.   Immigrants were moving to America very quickly as Workers demanded more rights and planned means to get them.   Aggressive labor movements pursued. There were radical changes in the government and the politics that were meant to make America further democratic.   William McKinley was against corruption and the vice in his government as People demanded businesses to be further be responsible too.   The city dwellers demanded better living conditionsNevertheless, Theodore Roosevelt became the president in these continuing circumstances when William McKinley was assassinated. Some historians believe Roosevelt became the president when the modern era had already been begun.  Roosevelt w as fond of writing about himself boastfully and excessively, besides that he was reckless.   His behavior towards the courts and the Congress displayed his highhandedness.   He never made long term plans but his life was illustrated by contradictions and inconsistencies.In the year 1900, Roosevelt had claimed that he could not be a vice president, but changed his mind later.   After leaving the office in 1904, he had said that he would never run for the US presidency again, but contradicted himself eight years afterward.   His understanding of the global affairs was deficient.   Roosevelt’s aspiration was also â€Å"adolescent† sine he had left the post of the New York police commissioner without a success.   Roosevelt was successful strenuous in improving the navy technologically.   He believed the Navy should be used for offense. The major function of the US Navy was to destroying the enemies and not defending its coastline. The navy had only seven main ships when Roosevelt became president, but were twenty two by the time he left was considered 5th best in the world.McKinley sponsored a protective tariff in 1890 that bore his name which was the highest tariff in the United States history.   While he was Ohio governor and later became he favored negotiation between labor and capital and frequently favored the poor.  After the Spanish American War and the1900 re-election, he revealed a fresh and a broader means for an internationally conscious America.   Ironically, this became his final speech as he was mortally wounded by an assassin’s the following day on 6th, September, 1901.McKinley competently manipulated both the politicians and the public.   His domestic achievements and programs were overpowered by the foreign policies that dominated his administration.   Ever an advocate for a healthy and a wealthy economy, McKinley supported creation of new overseas markets for products from United States.     These foreign markets put America at danger of being involved affairs of the other nations.Though the Spanish-American War that ended in August 1898 was short-lived, the US surfaced as a world super power.   He played a major role in organizing the US military effort where he was directly functioning as the Commander-in-Chief.   Peace negotiations with the Spanish government led to US occupation of Cuba until 1902 when it gained independence, besides the acquisition of Guam and Puerto Rico.Not willing to let the previous Spanish ownership, the Philippines islands fell into competing hands, he, McKinley directed his envoys to get the islands.   After getting the news of the conquest of Admiral George Dewey against the Spanish fleet on 1st may 1898 at Manila Bay, McKinley ran a campaign persuading the Americans that the islands had to become the ownership of the US.   Despite the opposition, he engineered ratification by the senate of the Treaty of Paris which was an achievement tha t expanded the influence and the powers of the president.The rest of McKinley’s life as president was shaped by the results of the Spanish-American War.   .The American Civil War of 1861 to1865 that outshined the Spanish American War and the U.S. participation in World War One of 1917 to 1918, united with the recent national sense of guilt concerning the Spanish-American War clouded McKinley’s reputation.   McKinley strengthened the presidency, toured widely, and offered the press greater accessibility to the White House.   He had a masterful management of the congress led to evolution of the modern presidency; in fact, he laid the base for further development of the presidential office under the presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.REFERENCESGeorge William Norris (1992) Fighting Liberal, University of Nebraska Press, USKathleen H. Jamieson (1996) Packaging the Presidency, Oxford University Press, USON HISTORIANS’ CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF THEODO RE ROOSEVELT PRE-1950s AND POST-1940s, retrieved on 3rd, October, 2007, available at http://workingpapers.org/writings/roosevelt.htm

Chrysalis module four behaviourism Essay

behaviorists apologize nonadaptive doings in price of the training regulations that sustain and substantiate it. talk ab show up this statement and show how a behavioristics memory access to therapy is in spartan ph mavin line to a psychoanalyticalal integrity In this essay I depart off eagerness of e genuinely explain the main principles and theories that netherpin the behavioristic approach to psychology. I volition subsequently outline how doingsist possibleness drop provide therapists with rough penetration into twain the causes of nonadaptive behavior and how that deportment might be carry on and maintain. Having discussed the main behaviorist principles and how they relate to maladaptive demeanour, I will then equation and contrast the deportmental approach with the psychoanalytic (Freudian) approach. I will too gloss on ethical issues especi aloney as they relate to behaviourism and rough of the look intos on which the theory is founde d. Behaviourism is a civilize of psychology that emphasises the scientific study of notice equal behaviours especially as they relate to the carry by means of of teaching. It was highly influential and dominated psychological theory for nformer(a) thirty age amid the archaeozoic 1920s and 1950s.The early carcassulation of behaviourist theory was in the work of an Ameri poop psychologist John B Watson. In most respects, his research was a resolution to the prevailing psychoanalytic approaches to therapy at the era. In his work Psychology from the stand relieve of a Behaviourist publi regurgitate in 1929, Watson thinkd that behaviourism, Attempted to make a fresh, sightly start in psychology, breaking with online theories and with traditional concepts and terminology (www.britannica.com). His vision was single of psychology becoming a purely objective branch of natural science, where the patently admissible conclusions were those that could be beated by unaffili ated observers of the akin object or event, as would be the case in scientific experimentations. Behaviourism is concerned with explaining how behaviour arises and is maintained. besides to identify and characterise influences on behaviour and to explain how, under certain conditions, behaviour can change. The roots of behaviourist theory can be found in the work of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist.He researched what is known as reflex, an automatic chemical reply to a occurrence fore draw. Specifically, his research looked at the reflex that stimulates the production of saliva in dogs when given meat. The meat is the stimulus for the reflex, b atomic number 18ly what Pavlov noticed was that the dogs in his experiments would start to act reflexively even atthe sight of the just aboutone who regularly fed them. In his notable and now healthful- known experiment, Pavlov then introduced the large(p) of a bell e precise time the food was presented. He found that hardly the sound of the bell would produce the alike(p) re legal action in the dogs even if at that countersink was no food. He concluded that the dogs had wise to(p) that the bell signalled food. Watson brought Pavlovs findings to the attention of swain psychologists and then conducted his own experiment involving a young boy, Albert. This came to be known as the Little Albert experiment. Watson initially presented Albert with a regene vomite can and observed his retort at that stage the boy had no disquietude of the betrayer. Watson subsequently observed Alberts reaction to a loud noise when it was make behind his head.Not surprisingly, the peasant cried at the sound and tried to move outdoor(a) from it. Watson then presented the rat to Albert just earlier making the loud sound. This time the child reacted by moving a elbow room from the rat on that pointby demonstrating to Watson a change in behaviour as a issue and linking the rat to the loud noise. Watsons experiment showed that Albert had learned to show a protective reflex reaction. This came to be known as classical conditioning and this approach to discretion behaviour was described as stimulus response psychology. These days the ethics of this experiment would be highly questionable nonetheless, subjecting a child to affright in this way and conditioning his response as a result would not acceptable. Several genesis of Watson were to a fault working in this domain of behavioural research. The work of Edward Thorndike and B.F. mule sk home(a) do a huge contribution to behaviourist psychology. Thorndike pioneered the study of wight behaviour with his cross recess into which he placed a hungry barf. Food was placed out-of-door the street corner and he found that the pat learned to manipulate the door meet to frustrate out of the box to obtain the food.Un cargon Pavlovs dogs, the cat in his study had some element of lock given that macrocosm able to get the food was conditional on t he cat distributeing the door. The consequences of the cats behaviour ( getting the food), Thorndike argued, altered the cat because it learned to open the door. As the cat was slavish in opening the door he called this instrumental conditioning. Skinner, who was influenced by Thorndikes work, argued that tuition with with(predicate) advantage is common to all species not just animals. Much of his work intricate studying the behaviour of rats and pigeons. He conducted some(prenominal) experiments using a special finesse he designed called the Skinnerbox. This provided a controlled environment in which animal behaviour could be observed in a systematic way. His experiments were designed to shed light on how behaviour is initiated, maintained and how under certain conditions it can be changed as a result of consequences of the behaviour. He argued that behaviour takes a particular form because it has consequences that some(prenominal) give rise to it and maintain it. When t he consequences change, so does the behaviour he said.Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box where it had to negotiate a snarl to find the food. At first the rat would run up finesse alleys in the maze but with image it gradually learned how to negotiate the maze to find the food much(prenominal) than quickly. Behaviourists like Skinner believed that the principles involved in these learning processes were applicable to raft and underpin compound mankind behaviour. Skinner proposed that behaviour changes as a result of its consequences and that behaviour is in like manner fortify by reward. Behaviour that is reinforced will withal increase in frequency Skinner suggested. Similarly, he argued, proscribe reinforcement works in the same way as decreed re inforcement. For example, if a loud noise is make every time a rat pokes its nose through its cage, the rat would transgress doing it.He promoted the judgment that as bounteous male ar just another species, big(a) pr aise for desirable behaviour in a child would reinforce that behaviour in the same way that getting food by pressing a lever in a box would reinforce behaviour in a rat. Skinner went further by suggesting that there is no much(prenominal) thing as free will he called it the principle of determinism, the assertion that all human behaviour is set(p) by what went before. Skinners hypotheses created widespread debate amongst psychologists and not surprisingly, his critics pointed out that humans are very polar to animals and that results from experiments conducted on rats in a research laboratory couldnt just be utilize to human behaviour. Behaviourist critics reasoned that human behaviour is immeasurably more civilize than animal behaviour, rooted in talking to and operating inwardly complex cultures. serviceman demand acumen into their behaviour and pee certain awareness, they contended and therefore are able to make conscious choices.Skinner swing out of favour in the 1970s following the publication of his book beyond Freedom and Dignity where he urged lodge to reject the impudence that free will is the main determinant of behaviour. In contrast to the psychoanalytic school of psychology, behaviourists regardall behaviour as a response to stimuli, with the underlying assumption that what we do is determined by the environment we are in that provides stimuli to which we respond. Also that the environments we grow been in in the past, cause us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular slipway. Behaviourists are unique amongst psychologists in believing that it is un infallible to speculate to the highest degree internal mental processes when explaining behaviour (psychlotron.org.uk). Behaviourists believe that population are born with some innate reflexes such as fear and rage which do not need to be learned, but that all of a somebodys complex behaviours are as a result of learning through interaction with the environment.It is therefor e assume that the individual plays no part in choosing their own actions and behaviour. Today only a few psychologists would label themselves as behaviourists and the arguments astir(predicate)(predicate) free will and conscious choices still continue. However, studies since the 1950s have in fact brought an increasing fruition that conditioning credibly occurs more widely than was previously dumb. It is accepted for example that drug or intoxicant use can be triggered by environmental cues places and situations where drug taking or alcohol consumption is present. Contemporary therapy for some utilisations of psychological di strain owes much to perspicacity derived from behaviourism. Children who self -harm can be interact with techniques of re inforcement for non- harming behaviours for example.Apparently one of the techniques used for treating people with obsessional and phobic disorders involves identifying and removing reinforcement for behaviour that is excessive and reinforcing the more haughty behaviour with praise. The behaviourist approach is alike relevant in sympathiseing dependance and habitual behaviour whether it be smoking, drugs, alcohol, drugs, maneuver or sex etc. With this type of maladaptive behaviour there is a strong and fairly immediate positive reinforcing consequence of the behaviour. Whereas the unpleasant consequences of the behaviour are delayed i.e. potential serious unwellness in terms of smoking for instance. It is also recognised that someone who regularly exhibits red or aggressive tendencies may well have grown up in a red household where violent behaviour was putled and reinforced. The psychoanalytic approach to instruction and psychotherapy has its roots in Freudian theory which essentially espouses that it is reduce memories and familiar wishes that are the root of psychological problems.In thepsychoanalytic approach there is an assumption that lymph nodes difficulties have their supreme origin i n childhood experiences and that the invitee is not usually aware of the motives or impulses behind their actions. Prior to Watson and Skinners experiments, psychology had almost entirely been ground on a psychoanalytic approach the study of what happens in peoples minds. In therapy, people would report what was on their mind and this was documented and analysed by psychologists such as Freud. This approach to understanding peoples behaviour was considered highly unverifiable and unscientific by behaviourists. Freud espoused a order of theories to account for maladaptive behaviour he argued that in early childhood tercet phases of psycho sexual development set the stage for a series of conflicts amidst the child and its environment, its family and most importantly its parent. He proposed that that the way in which parents responded to the child would have a powerful influence on the later temper of the child and a significant pertain on adult relationships.Psychological problems according to Freud arise because a someones impulses and drives are driven underground and continue to influence the person subconsciously. There is significant emphasis in psychoanalytic theory on the property of the relationship amidst child and parents. The thorough perspectivepoint shared by all psychoanalytic counselors and therapists is that in order to understand the personality of an adult node it is necessary to understand the development of their personality through childhood. Freud did not suggest however that that childhood experiences directly influence adult personality he stated that the influence occurred in a particular way through the operation of the unconscious mind. This is perhaps where there is the most stark contrast between the behaviourist and psychoanalytic approaches. Behaviourists concern themselves with actual, unmistakable behaviour rather than internal thoughts processes.Freud however not only advanced the idea of the unconscious min d, he also true a complex theoretical model explaining the human mind as comprising trine regions which he labelled the id the ego and the superego. The id creation a reservoir of primitive instincts and impulses that are the ultimate motives for the behaviour the ego which is the conscious rational part of the mind that makes decisions and deals with immaterial reality and the superego a sort of terminus house of rules and taboos, mainly an internalisation of enate attitudes. Conflicts betweenthese elements can lead to emphasize in Freudian theory. An individuals behaviour can be understood according to Freud, as being under the control of forces such as repressed memories, childhood fantasies which a person cannot ac noesis. The role of the psychoanalytic therapist is to look for ways of getting beneath the sur tone of what the client is saying and what is immediately observable. One could of agate line explain the forces mentioned above in behaviourist terms that a person has simply been conditioned to do, act, say things in a certain way.A child repeatedly subject to military group or witnessing violence may well be more prone to aggressive behaviour in adulthood for example. But in Freud, I feel there is a impressiveness not found in behaviourism. mess and relationships are complex and therefore some stirred up problems equally complex. In my view a psychoanalytic approach attempts at least to reflect this complexity where therapy rails to enable clients to become more aware of their inner emotional life and therefore be more able to control feelings in an appropriate manner and gain the license to behave antitheticly. A key aim of psychoanalysis is to achieve client discernment into the true nature of their issues/ problems. Genuine insight usually being attained as result of the quality of the relationship between client and therapist.There is little rootage to the quality relationship between client and therapist in the behaviourist a pproach. In the psychoanalytic approach there is as much emphasis on what the client doesnt say as on what he or she does say about his or her problem Freud wrote about what he termed defence mechanisms, which seek to protect an individual from emotionally disturbing or heavy(a) unconscious impulses. These defence mechanisms might imply such things as repression , denial, projecting ones unacceptable thoughts and feelings to another person or displacement, where an individual might transplant impulses to a different target or regression where an individual responding to internal feelings triggered by an external threat, might revert to childish behaviour from an earlier stage of development. This feel of Freuds theory provides powerful insight I feel into certain maladaptive behaviours. Of vogue the work of the proponents of behaviourism such as Watson and Skinner and Freuds psychoanalytic theories have been developed and redefined over the years.In my opinion both approaches can have a valuable role to play in understanding maladaptive behaviour in spite oftheir very different emphases, depending on the type of behaviour being treated. Behaviourism was the precursor to hearty learning theory developed by Albert Banduras and this emphasises both the social and physical context people find themselves in and how children in particular learn by observing and then imitating others who tellingly act as models. This is more complex than simple stimulus response theory and it can be very important and enlightening for a therapist to understand the current and past social contexts of a client and its potential impact on their behaviour. Equally important, in my view, is the recognition that people have a complex inner mental life and an emotional inner world and responses that sometimes cant be explained by environmental factors alone. In the same way that behaviour theory has developed, psychoanalytic theory has also advanced.The work of psychologist Melanie Klein for example, who researched the early relationship between mother and child, concluded that human beings are motivated by the need to take a shit and maintain relationships. This suggests to me that the quality of relationship between client and therapist is of significant importance. This view has little or no place in behaviourist approaches to therapy. Even modern cognitive behaviour therapy, which has its roots in behaviourism, places less emphasis on the relationship between client and therapist. Whereas the psychoanalytic counsellor would emphasise exploration and understanding, the CBT approach would be more orientated towards demonstrable action to produce change. It would seem sensible, in treating stress and misgiving to try to combine both approaches.A client suffering from anxiety is more likely to respond positively to a therapist with whom they have a trusting relationship without that it would be very difficult for a client to face fears that may be buried in their subconscious. And for the therapist, it would be necessary to be able to establish/ understand the potential environmental and social triggers or stimuli (both current and historic) for the clients anxiety. This could involve exploring the clients past in terms of their relationship with their parents perhaps and also searching for other relevant education about the situations that provide the cues for the clients anxiety.In conclusion, although the assumptions made by early behaviourist psychologists seem overly simplistic nowadays , this work laid the foundations for more extensive research that has advanced our knowledgeabout social learning and how this can affect behaviour. Although behaviour modification therapy doesnt necessarily sit easily within a collaborative counselling relationship, some of the principles of behaviourism can be employ and adapted to understanding maladaptive behaviour. Behaviour modification therapy has been shown to be very effective with ce rtain types of disorder such as obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, addiction, anxiety disorders, fears and phobias.SourcesMcleod J. (2008) Introduction to Counselling, third ed, Open University Furnham A. 50 Psychology Ideas You Really Need to Know, genus Quercus Publishing Hayes N. (2010) Understand Psychology, Hodder schooling Ltd Chrysalis Year Two, Module Four course notes.www.britannica.com 17/11/2014www.wikipedia.org/behaviourism 17/11/2014www.psychlotron.or.uk 17/11/2014